Piston Engine Performance Diagram Engineering Essay

The purpose of this chapter is to happen an aircraft with a constellation that best suits the type of operation of our client. The Piston engine has different flight features from a jet engine. To happen the most suited type of engine the public presentations of the different sort of engines have to be examined ( 3.1 ) . There are many Piston engine aircraft available ( including turbo- and supercharged aircraft ) . To separate the most suited Piston engine aircraft at that place will be looked at a broad choice of aircraft where the public presentations, fuel ingestion, scope, figure of riders and the planetary costs are compared. The undermentioned criterion demands are set: the aircraft must be able to wing over a certain tallness of conditions formations, the maximal height is hence distinct to be more than 15.000 pess. Because the aircraft must be suited as concern aircraft and must be able to make more than 15.000 pess, it is necessary to hold a pressurized cabin. Otherwise the concern squad have to set their O masks on which counteract comfort. A conditions radio detection and ranging must be installed to be able to avoid unsafe state of affairss every bit good as de-icing equipment to maximise safety and comfort. The velocity of the aircraft is besides of import because the squad does non desire to be off from place for long periods. The largest distance and therefore the longest flight clip is 482.2 NM, to be able to cover this distance in a lower limit of 3 hours the velocity of the aircraft must be about 160 karats. Finally the seating capacity of the aircraft must be plenty for the concern squad to go in comfort, the seating capacity must be at least 4 seats including the pilot & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s place. Now one individual engine and one multi engine Piston aircraft will be chosen ( 3.2 ) . The same comparing will be made to happen the most suited individual jet and multi jet aircraft ( 3.3 ) . Another type of jet aircraft is a turbo-prop, t he most suited individual turbo-prop and multi turbo-prop aircraft will be chosen ( 3.4 ) . At last in chapter 3 there will be concluded what the top six aircraft are and why this pick has been made ( 3.5 ) .3.1 Engine public presentationAircraft engines generates power to force air rearward ensuing a tenseness drawing the aircraft forwards which is called push. The Piston engine, jet engine and propjet engine prescribed in chapter 2 are all plausible power workss to be equipped on the client his aircraft. Engine public presentation of those three engines differ. Piston engines execute comparatively low power causation aircraft equipped with Piston engine winging slow and on low heights ( 3.1.1 ) . Aircraft intended to wing faster and higher are likely equipped with jet engines or turbo prop engines. Jet engines has a comparatively high compaction ratio which consequences in a more expeditiously fuel burn ( 3.1.2 ) . Jet engines faces more external influences which could impact engi ne public presentation, compared with Piston engines. Turboprop engines about don`t differ from jet engines, because turbo prop engines does be of an integrated jet engine. The lone factor which has a negative influence on engine public presentation is the propellor efficiency ( 3.1.3 )3.1.1 Performance Piston enginesA Piston engine generates shaft power by firing fuel in reciprocating Pistons, to drive a propellor mounted on the engine. The power produced by the engine itself is defined as shaft brake power ( Pbr ) . Pbr is non the entire power, which is available to impel the aircraft. A portion of the Pbr dissipates due inefficiencies or aerodynamic losingss of the propellor. The propellor efficiency ( & A ; deg ; A?A? & A ; deg ; ) multiplied with the Pbr consequences in the power available ( Pa ) . Pa is besides equal to the true airspeed ( TAS ) multiplied with the push ( T ) . Paragraph 2.1.1 at page $ $ $ explained that propellor efficiency varies with the TAS, and the prope llor pitch additions when TAS increases and frailty versa to keep the optimal propellor efficiency, if a variable velocity propellor is integrated. Power required ( Pr ) Is the power needed to keep TAS in an un-accelerated degree flight. Pr is equal with the TAS multiplied with the retarding force ( D ) . Figure 3.1 indicates a public presentation diagram of a Piston engine. 1 = Stall velocity 2 = Max endurance 3 = Max scope 4 = Max velocityFigure 3.1 Piston engine public presentation diagramThis public presentation diagram shows two lines, which circumscribe the Pa, and the Pr. Pa varies depending on trust scenes. This diagram shows the highest possible push scenes, be cognizant that the Pa line is able to traverse the Pr line at any numbered point aligned in the diagram. The aircraft accelerates if the Pa is more compared with the Pr, and height is maintained. The diagram shows four exceeding points with respect to an un-accelerated degree flight. The stall velocity ( 1 ) is the lowest possible Tantalum in a horizontal flight. The lift coefficient CL is maximal at point one. The maximal endurance ( 2 ) is the velocity, which requires the lowest needed push. Piston engine push scenes are straight relative with the fuel flow per clip unit. That means that per unit of fuel, the longest clip can be flown. The maximal scope ( 3 ) aligns the minimal ratio between Pr and TAS. Keeping the maximal scope velocit y means that per unit of fuel, the longest distance can be flown. It besides means that the CL/CD ratio is maximum. The maximal velocity ( 4 ) aligns the point where Pr is equal to Pa. There is no power available left to speed up, or ascent keeping the same TAS. The public presentation diagram demoing in figure 3.1 shows a general overview of Piston engine public presentation. The aligned operational velocities could change due to certain conditions. Conditionss that affect piston engine public presentation are: Aircraft weight Altitudead 1 aircraft weightAppendix 3.1.1 shows the same four exceeding points as in figure 3.1. Due to the influence of weight, the Pa remains the same because the engine public presentation is non depending on aircraft weight. As figure 3.2 shows, the stall velocity ( 1 ) additions when aircraft weight additions. Stall velocity additions with a factor. When aircraft weight doubles, the stall velocity additions by 41 % . The soap endurance ( 2 ) lessenings because the entire retarding force and fuel flow per unit clip increases as aircraft weight additions. Remarkable is that the soap endurance velocity additions while aircraft weight additions. The soap scope ( 3 ) lessenings while aircraft weight additions. Max scope is inversely relative with aircraft weight. The soap scope velocity additions as aircraft weight additions. The soap velocity ( 4 ) lessenings when aircraft weight additions.ad 2 heightAppendix 3.1.2 shows the influence of height on Piston engine public presentations . Piston engines public presentation depends on air denseness. Pa varies with height since air denseness decreases if height additions. There are besides four exceeding points in the diagram as in figure 3.1 and appendix 3.1.1. The stall velocity ( TAS ) ( 1 ) additions if altitude additions. The Indicated airspeed ( IAS ) remains the same because entire air force per unit area, which is measured and expressed in IAS, remains the same. The soap endurance ( 2 ) lessenings because Pr additions due to a lessening in air denseness. The soap scope ( 3 ) does non depend on height. The soap scope velocity additions if altitude additions. This means that fuel ingestion per maritime stat mi remains the same while the TAS additions. So a distance can be flown faster without salvaging fuel. The soap velocity ( TAS ) ( 4 ) additions if altitude additions.3.1.2 Performance Jet Engine Aircraftsdfsdfsdfsdfsdfdsfsf11243The available push of jet engines is in direct proportion to the fuel flow of th e engine ; by increasing the fuel flow the engine generates more thrust. By uniting the retarding force and lift of an aircraft as a map of the air velocity, a public presentation diagram can be made for jet engines ( figure 3.X ) . This diagram shows of import velocities, which are straight related to the lift and retarding force of the aircraft. The first of import velocity in the diagram is the 1g-stall velocity ( 1 ) . This is the minimal horizontal velocity of the aircraft, besides called the 1g-stall velocity. At this velocity the aircraft is winging with an angle of onslaught, which has the greatest lift coefficient ( CL-max ) . The 2nd of import velocity is the maximal endurance velocity ( 2 ) . This is the velocity at which the aircraft has the lowest retarding force. The lowest retarding force consequences in the lowest fuel flow so that the aircraft can digest the longest clip with this velocity ; hence the maximal endurance velocity. Not merely is the maximal endurance v elocity of import to cognize, but besides the maximal scope velocity of the aircraft ( 3 ) . At this velocity the relation between velocity and retarding force is at its lower limit, which makes the fuel flow per winging distance minimal. This consequences in the velocity at which the aircraft can wing the furthest. Finally the maximal horizontal velocity of the aircraft is besides shown on the diagram ( 4 ) . This is the velocity at which the upper limit available push is equal to the retarding force of the aircraft. Figure 3.X Performance diagram jet engine 1 = 1g-stall velocity 2 = soap. endurance velocity 3 = soap. scope velocity 4 = soap. horizontal velocity All these different operating velocities vary due to certain conditions. The conditions that affect the public presentation of an aircraft with jet engines are: The height The ambient temperature The air velocity The weight of the aircraftad 1 The heightAs we know, the ambient air force per unit area decreases as the height additions. With a diminishing air force per unit area the denseness besides decreases which consequences in less mass air flow into the engine and therefore less thrust. The retarding force of the aircraft is, nevertheless, independent of the height. With an increasing height, the retarding force remains the same while the true air velocity ( TAS ) increases because of a diminishing air denseness. This has every bit consequence that the stall velocity additions in TAS. The endurance of jet engines is changeless with the height and the maximal scope additions with an increasing height ( appendix 3.1 ) .ad 2 The ambient temperatureJet engines are limited by the RPM and the turbine gas temperature ( TGT ) of the engine. When the ambient temperature is high, the engine will make its maximal TGT Oklahoman than when the ambient temperature is lower. When the ambient temperature is comparatively low, the engine can run at higher Revolutions per minute before the TGT is reached, ensuing in more thrust. At high ambient temperatures the push of the engine varies with the temperature, but at comparatively low temperatures ( below ISA+15 ) the generated push is changeless with the RPM. At these temperatures the engine is called level rated.ad 3 The air velocityAs the airspeed additions, the produced push of the jet engine will cut down due to an addition of the recess impulse retarding force. Air come ining the recess of the engine is slowed down and loses impulse due to compaction, before it is accelerated once more. This loss of impulse is called recess impulse retarding force and consequences in a decreasing push with an increasing air velocity. The addition of air velocity, nevertheless, besides consequences in more air mass per unit volume through the engine, which leads to an addition of push. These opposing effects consequence in an overall push, which va ries depending on the engine & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s design ( appendix 3.2 ) .ad 4 The weight of the aircraftThe weight of the aircraft besides has a important influence on the public presentation of an aircraft with jet engines. It does non impact the public presentation of the engine itself, but the whole aircraft. More weight of an aircraft consequences in more retarding force. To get the better of this retarding force and to maintain winging horizontal, the aircraft should increase its angle of onslaught or increase its air velocity. The public presentation diagram shows that an increasing weight of an aircraft has a negative consequence on the public presentation of the aircraft ( appendix 3.3 ) . The stall velocity additions with an increasing weight and the endurance and maximal scope will both lessening with an increasing aircraft weight.3.1.3 Performance Turbo-prop EngineThe public presentation of a turbo-prop aircraft is about similar to the jet aircraft. The turbo-pro p engine is driven by a jet engine. In a turbo-jet engine the speed and force per unit area of the exhaust gases create the push but in the turbo-prop engine merely a little sum of the push comes from the fumes gases. This is due to the fact that most of the energy has been absorbed by the turbine for driving the propellor. When ciphering turbo-prop public presentations the public presentation of a jet engine can be taken, merely thing where must be thought of is the propellor efficiency.3.2 Most suited Piston aircraftFrom all the little Piston aircraft ( including turbo- and supercharged aircraft ) , there will be looked at the public presentation, fuel ingestion, scope, figure of riders, and the planetary costs to find the best scorch engine and the best multi engine Piston aircraft. Global costs are several variable costs such as fuel ingestion, set downing fees and an estimation of care. First a comparing will be made of single-engine Piston aircraft ( 3.2.1 ) and thenceforth a comparing of multi-engine Piston aircraft ( 3.2.2 ) . A concluding recommendation will demo the most suited aircraft of its type for the intents set in this chapter.3.2.1 Single engineIn this paragraph the most suited aircraft with a individual Piston engine is determent. A pre-selection is made with initial demands. Those demands are range, take-off distance, and monetary value. The following tabular array ( table & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.aircraft comparing ) show which aircraft meets the demands set earlier.& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( dollar )Cessna P210N Turbo centurion II90060050027.000193438.000Cessna Skyhawk SP6401.6301.33514.000124307.500Cessna Turno Skylane9711.3851.35020.000165398.100Cessna Turbo Stationair7031740139527.000164557.500Cessna Corvalis TTx1.2501.9002.64025.000235733.950Beechcraft Bonanza G369081.9131.45018.500176691.390Piper Matr ix1.3431.0871.02825.000213757.000Piper Arrow8801.00062016.200137323.850Piper Archer LX5221.13592014.100128319.200Cirrus SR20785147885317.500155276.690Cirrus SR221.1701594114117.500185380.000Cirrus SR22T9478221.14125.000214475.000Average9181357119820567174471515Table & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.aircraft comparing With the current demands the aircraft are able to acquire to their finishs and land safely within the budget. With the extra demands determent before in this chapter the most suited aircraft is explained. After those extra demands the Cessna P210N Turbo centurion II is left as the most suited aircraft. The Cessna P210N has a pressurized cabin, a maximal sail height of 27.000 foot, a conditions radio detection and ranging option and de-icing equipment. The Cessna is capable of easing siting for five riders and has a high plenty cruising velocity of 193 karats. In Annex & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦ . ( Annual sum-up ) a comparing is made of the selected aircraft and the costs over 10 old ages. In this comparing the Cessna P210N is one of the more expansive aircraft but the lone aircraft that fits the demands needed for this type of concern trips. The initial costs of the Cessna P210N are approximative 343.600 euro and the variable costs with 300 flight hours yearly are 75.794 euro. Variable costs include fuel, airframe care, labour and parts, engine Restoration and assorted costs. In ten old ages the sum costs will be about 1.101.607 euro.3.2.2 Multi engine Piston aircraftMulti engine Piston aircraft have better belongingss than individual engine Piston aircraft. There are many legislated multi engine Piston aircraft normally used in the European general air power. However, some of these aircraft do non run into the managers demands stated in paragraph 3.2.1. The staying aircraft besides needed to hold a pressurisation system and de/anti ice equ ipment ( table 3.x )& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( dollar )Beechcraft 58P Baron13562200200020000200325.000Beechcraft G58 Baron12002500230020688192829.000Beechcraft 60 Duke10202200200030000214193.000Beechcraft B60 Duke11202200200030000214250.000Cessna 340A14052400220029800170299.000Cessna 41111302700250026000202135.000Cessna 414A13272600240030800183189.000Cessna 421A1488240022002700019775.000Cessna 421C17122400220030200205249.000Piper PA31 Navajo11602200200029000165169.000Average12922380218027348194271.300Table 3.x Aircraft comparing These aircraft are besides compared on estimated variable costs ( appendix†¦ .Multi engine Piston aircraft ) . The most expensive aircraft to buy, turns out to be the cheapest aircraft in a period of 10 old ages ; the Beechcraft G58 Baron. This aircraft will hold an estimated variable cost of 278 euro per flight hr. When runing 300 flight hours annually, the estimated sum costs of the Beechcraft G58 Baron are 1.479.660 euro in a period of 10 old ages.3.3 Jet aircraftThe most suited single- and multi-piston engine aircraft are found. The following aircraft type looked at is the jet engine. The jet engine has an recess, which sucks in the air ; the air is so quickly compressed and fuelled to light. After ignition the air has a enormous increased velocity, which propels the aircraft. There is a figure of jet aircraft presently used. Some of the aircraft have merely one engine others could hold six. In the hunt of our aircraft we look at the individual engine jets and the jet aircra ft, which have two engines. The jet aircraft with one jet is called a Single Jet engine aircraft ( 3.3.1 ) . The aircraft with two or more engines is called a multi-engine Jet aircraft ( 3.3.2 ) . For either type of aircraft the best aircraft is chosen in order to happen the best aircraft for our CEO.3.3.1 Single engineA individual engine jet aircraft is exceeding in its sort. The aircraft uses one jet engine, which propels the aircraft. This sort of aircraft is more luxury than their similar sized propellor aircraft. For illustration the aircraft has the option to hold a lavatory inside the aircraft. The downside of this sort of aircraft is that the initial cost of the aircraft is much higher than the propellor driven aircraft. The initial monetary value& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( dollar )Diamond D-Jet13502500190025.0002401.380.000Excel-Jet SportJet 10001800180025.000& A ; Acirc ;1.000.000Piper Jet Altaire13002.3002.00035.0003202.199.000Eclipse 40012502.0452.10041.000& A ; Acirc ;1.350.000Cirrus Vision SF5012001.6001.24528.0002101.000.000of these sorts of aircraft is about one million dollars and the monetary value per flight hr varies from 500 dollars to 700 dollars. Table 3.X shows the monetary values and specifications of five different individual jet aircraft. Three of the five aircraft are more expensive seen the initial monetary value and monetary value per hr. The monetary values of the Diamond D-Jet and the Piper Jet Altaire are significantly higher than the other three ; this will except both of them. The Excel-Jet Sportjet is still a truly futuristic aircraft, the aircraft is meant to be a make it yourself aircraft so this will except the aircraft. The initial monetary value and monetary value per 3000 hours is comparable to the last two, but there is no known information about De-icing. Three of the five aircraft are now excluded from our picks, this will ensue in the determination between the Eclipse 400 and the Cirrus Vision SF50. Both aircraft have alone expressions ; they both have a V-tail and one jet engine located between the V-tail. Both aircraft have luxury seats and the cockpit is futuristic for the pilot. The specifications are all tantrum for the undertaking it has to follow with. The scopes of the aircraft are adequate to wing to every location and back without the demand of refuelling the aircraft. Both aircraft can wing the needed velocity to keep a maximal flight clip of two hours to any of the locations. Besides both aircraft have de-icing equipment ; the Cirrus Vision has metal boots and the Eclipse 400 has rubber boots. The difference between the two aircraft ballad in the initial cost and the cost per hr. The Eclipse 400 has an initial cost of 1.35 million dollars and the Cirrus Vision costs one million dollars. But the & A ; acirc ; ˆ?per hr & A ; acirc ; ˆA? monetary value of the Eclipse 400 is 80 dollars less than the Cirrus Vision. The first 3000 flight hours the Eclipse 400 is still more expensive. But the Eclipse is less expensive than the Cirrus Vision after 4375 flight hours. A decision can be made on these findings, the initial monetary value of the Eclipse 400 is 350.000 dollars more but the Eclipse will be less expensive after 4375 hours. If the CEO is winging the aircraft for a period of more than 5000 hours the difference in monetary value will be 50.000 dollars. The Numberss given are achieved doing usage of simple math equations, which include initial monetary value plus cost per hr apparatus against the clip flown with the aircraft. All the monetary values for the cost inclu ding 3000 flight hours and the differences are given in dollars. In euros the entire monetary value for the Eclipse 400 will be 25.000 over two million and the entire monetary value for the Cirrus Vision will be 60.000 euros under two million. This is the initial cost of the aircraft plus the 3000 flight hours. However the initial specifications asked by the CEO are set on 3000 flight hours. After 3000 flight hours the Cirrus Vision is still less expensive than the Eclipse 400. So the Cirrus Vision is the chosen individual Jet aircraft. Table 3.X3.3.2 Multi engine jet aircraftMulti engine jet aircraft has plausible the best public presentation in airspeed and height compared with propjet and Piston engine aircraft. The advantage of runing a twin engine aircraft is the dependability to do a safe attack after an engine failure. The disadvantage is that keeping two jet engines is more expensive alternatively of 1 jet engine. The purchase costs of an aircraft in the class & A ; acirc ; ˆ?very visible radiation jet & A ; acirc ; ˆA? starts from an approximate & A ; acirc ; ‚ ¬700.000. Tabel ten shows the most suited purchase options in the class multi engine jet aircraft.& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( & A ; acirc ; ‚ ¬ )Maverick smartjet12501320144725.000277697.500Embrear bequest 50030004600210045.0006081.416.800Embrear bequest 45023004000200045.0005931.170.400Tabel t enIn add-on to the clients demand there is no suited aircraft in this class. The Maverick smart jet agrees the budget but is non equipped with a de-icing installing. Both Embrear Legacy aircraft agree the clients demands, and would run absolutely on the determined paths. The lone advantages are the cabin size which is designed to transport up to eight people, and both aircraft require aviation of 2 pilots.3.4 Most suited turbo-propFrom all the little turbo-prop aircraft, there will be looked at the public presentation, fuel ingestion, scope, figure of riders, and the planetary costs to find the best scorch engine ( 3.4.1 ) and the best multi engine turbo-prop ( 3.4.2 ) aircraft. Global costs are several variable costs such as fuel ingestion, set downing fees and an estimation of care. Finding a suited aircraft that fulfils the operating demands within the budget is hard, because turbo-prop engines are expansive.3.4.1 Single engineIn this paragraph the most suited aircraft with a ind ividual propjet engine is determent. Again a preselecting is made with the initial demands. The two functional aircraft are seen in tabular array†¦ .. ( Aircraft comparing ) .& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )MTOW ( pound )Pressurized cabinSeatingmonetary value ( dollar )Pilatus PC-68701.4441.03325.0001256.173& A ; Acirc ; No101.000.000Cessna Caravan1.2951.16071525.0001868.000& A ; Acirc ; No111.600.000Table & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.Aircraft comparing Both aircraft are by all agencies able to transport adequate people. The Pilatus PC-6 does non suit the velocity bound and is hence non possible as concern aircraft for this operation. The Cessna Caravan does carry through the velocity bound but is a small overpriced. The initial costs can be raised, if the aircraft turns out to be the best. The Cessna has de-icing equipment and conditions radio detection and ranging. The variable costs of the Cessna will be about 500 Euro per runing hr. Variable costs include fuel, airframe care, labor and parts, engine Restoration and assorted costs. The variable costs in ten old ages based on 300 flight hours a twelvemonth will be 1.500.000 euro. The operating costs of the Cessna Caravan in ten old ages will be about 2.753.721 Euro. The Cessna Caravan is the most suited individual engine propjet aircraft but does non suit the concern operation because there is no pressurized cabin available. Reasoning it can be said that in this monetary value class and the type of engine there is no suited aircraft for the company & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s demands.3.4.2 Most Suitable Multi-Engine Propjet AircraftFour different aircraft are found for the most suited Multi-Engine Propjet aircraft. The job is that the aircraft all deficiency of the de-icing equipment needed for the most suited aircraft. There is an option on every aircraft to attach boots on the wings and the stabilizers. But the anti-ice equipment needed on the propellor blades is non included in any of the aircraft. In short the multi-engine propjet aircraft are excluded for the most suited aircraft, which would be recommended to the CEO. If we deny the fact that the de-icing equipment is non valuable plenty the aircraft are still excessively expensive to suit the budget. The budget is 1.5 million dollars and the cheapest multi propjet ( Hawker Beechcraft King Air C90GTx ) aircraft costs 3.6 million dollars. Besides the monetary values per flight hr start from 500 dollars per hr boulder clay 690 dollars per hr. So the estimated monetary value for the undermentioned 3000 flight hours is non interesting for the CEO. A decision can be made harmonizing to the findings for the most suited multi-engine propjet aircraft. None of the found aircraft fit the parametric quantities, which are set up for the most suited aircraft.& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Max sail elevation ( ft. )Max velocity ( karat )Cruising velocity ( karat )Cost pH( $ )Pressurized cabinPrice ( $ )Cost 3000FH( $ )De-IcingKing Air 250161035.000310& A ; Acirc ;630Yes5.800.0007.690.000NoPiaggio P180 Avanti II147041.000402690Yes5.700.0007.770.000NoPiaggio P16691524.000220220540No5.000.0006.620.000NoKing Air C90GTx131130.000270208500Yes3.600.0005.100.000NoTable 3.X3.5 DecisionThere were six classs out of which the best aircraft is chosen. As there was no multi jet engine aircraft which fits in the managers demands, five aircraft where selected ( table 3.x ) .Range ( nanometer )Take Off Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWMax Cruise Alt. ( foot )Cruise Speed ( karat )MTOW ( pound )SeatingsPrice ( euro )Costss per FH ( eur o )Cessna P210 Turbo Centurion II90060050027.0001934.0005341.640251,16Beechcraft G58 Baron1.2002.5002.30020.6882025.5006646.620277,68Cirrus Vision SF501.2001.6001.24528.0002106.00071.528.000390Cessna Caravan1.2951.16071525.0001868.000111.248.000390Beechcraft King Air C90GTx1.3112.5522.36330.00020810.48582.808.000390Average1.1811.68214.2426.1382006.79771.314.452339,77Table 3.x Selected aircraft The best three aircraft demand to be chosen out of these five aircraft. The Beechcraft King Air C90GTx is the first aircraft, which drops off because of the high purchase monetary value. The 2nd aircraft, which drops off, is the Cessna Caravan ; the purchase monetary value does non suit in with the public presentations. This means that the top three aircraft are the Cessna P210 Turbo Centurion II, the Beechcraft G58 Baron and the Cirrus Vision SF50. The Cessna P210 Turbo Centurion II is the cheapest aircraft in a period of 10 old ages, it is nevertheless the smallest and the slowest aircraft. The Beechcraft G58 Baron is more expensive than the Cessna, it is nevertheless more epicurean and has a higher sail velocity. The Cirrus Vision is the most expensive aircraft of the three. It provides nevertheless many services which can non be found at the other three aircraft. The seven seats arrangement can be easy adapted in a four seats agreement, which consequences in tonss of infinite and comfort. The cabin has an optional toilet and there is a orbiter phone connexion available. A worldwide conditions system is integrated in the Garmin GFC700 pilotage show. The Garmin GFC700 pilotage system besides supports RNAV, which is utile when voyaging with DME and NDB beacons is over. The Cirrus Vision fills the spread between high public presentation Pistons, traditional propjet twins and visible radiation concern jets.

Biochip

[pic] (Life on a Chip) (PAPER UNDER THE THEME:†BIOCOMPUTING & INFORMATICS†) ABSTRACT â€Å"A single electronic card may replace everything in your wallet including. . . . . . your cash . . . your credit cards . . . your ATM card . . . your ID cards . . . your insurance . . . and your life FUTURE One card, or one chip, with your life on it. † â€Å"Biochips†-The most exciting future technology is an outcome of the fields of Computer science, Electronics & Biology. Its a new type of bio-security device to accurately track information regarding what a person is doing, and who is to accurately track information regarding what he is doing, and who is actually doing it. It’s no more required with biochips the good old idea of remembering pesky PINs, Passwords, & Social security numbers . No more matters of carrying medical records to a hospital, No more cash/credit card carrying to the market place; everything goes embedded in the chip†¦. Every thing goes digitalized. No more hawker tricks on the internet†¦.! Biochip has a variety technique for secured E-money transactions on the net. The power of biochips exists in capability of locating lost children, downed soldiers, and wandering Alzheimer patients. Our contributions to this paper lie in the aspects of â€Å"Implementation of Glucose detector in Biochips† †Implementation of Oxygen sensor in Biochips† 4. â€Å"Implementation of Blood pressure sensor in Biochips† 5. â€Å"Proposal of Solution for the typical theft problem faced by the Biochips† The four contributions have been discussed in detail with the proposed principles for implementation of the concepts. A simple ID chip is already walking around in tens of thousands of individuals, but all of them are pets. Companies such as AVID (Norco, Calif. ), Electronic ID, Inc. (Cleburne, TX. ), and Electronic Identification Devices, Ltd. (Santa Barbara, Calif. ) sell both the chips and the detectors. The chips are of the size of an uncooked grain of rice, small enough to be injected under the skin using a hypodermic syringe needle. They respond to a signal from the detector, held just a few feet away, by transmitting out an identification number. This number is then compared to database listings of registered pets. The Biochip tagging for humans has already started†¦Rush out for your tag!!!!! INTRODUCTION:- Biochips are any microprocessor chips that can be used in Biology. The biochip technology was originally developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries, it’s use now includes, over 300 zoos, over 80 government agencies in at least 20 countries, pets (everything from lizards to dogs), electronic â€Å"branding† of horses, monitoring lab animals, fisheries, endangered wildlife, automobiles, garment tracking, hazardous waste, and humans. Biochips are â€Å"silently† inching into humans. For instance, at least 6 million medical devices, such as artificial body parts (prosthetic devices), breast implants, chin implants, etc. , are implanted in people each year. And most of these medical devices are carrying a â€Å"surprise† guest — a biochip. In 1993, the Food and Drug Administration passed the Safe Medical Devices Registration Act of 1993, requiring all artificial body implants to have â€Å"implanted† identification — the biochip. So, the yearly, 6 million recipients of prosthetic devices and breast implants are â€Å"biochipped†. To date, over 7 million animals have been â€Å"chipped†. The major biochip companies are A. V. I. D. (American Veterinary Identification Devices), Trovan Identification Systems, and Destron-Fearing Corporation. THE BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY The current, in use, biochip implant system is actually a fairly simple device. Today’s, biochip implant is basically a small (micro) computer chip, inserted under the skin, for identification purposes. The biochip system is radio frequency identification (RFID) system, using low-frequency radio signals to communicate between the biochip and reader. THE BIOCHIP IMPLANT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO COMPONENTS: [pic] |[pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | |PERSPECTIVE OF | | |THE ACTUAL SIZE | THE TRANSPONDER: The transponder is the actual biochip implant. It is a passive transponder, meaning it contains no battery or energy of its own. In comparison, an active transponder would provide its own energy source, normally a small battery. Because the passive biochip contains no battery, or nothing to wear out, it has a very long life, up to 99 years, and no maintenance. Being passive, it's inactive until the reader activates it by sending it a low-power electrical charge. The reader â€Å"reads† or â€Å"scans† the implanted biochip and receives back data (in this case an identification number) from the biochip. The communication between biochip and reader is via low-frequency radio waves. The biochip transponder consists of four parts: 1. computer Microchip: The microchip stores a unique identification number from 10 to 15 digits long. The storage capacity of the current microchips is limited, capable of storing only a single ID number. AVID (American Veterinary Identification Devices), claims their chips, using an nnn-nnn-nnn format, has the capability of over 70 trillion unique numbers. The unique ID number is â€Å"etched† or encoded via a laser onto the surface of the microchip before assembly. Once the number is encoded it is impossible to alter. The microchip also contains the electronic circuitry necessary to transmit the ID number to the â€Å"reader†. 2. Antenna Coil: This is normally a simple, coil of copper wire around a ferrite or iron core. This is tiny primitive radio antenna â€Å"receives and sends† signals from the reader or scanner. 3. Tuning Capacitor: The capacitor stores the small electrical charge (less than 1/1000 of a watt) sent by the reader or scanner, which activates the transponder. This â€Å"activation† allows the transponder to send back the ID number encoded in the computer chip. Because â€Å"radio waves† are utilized to communicate between the transponder and reader, the capacitor is â€Å"tuned† to the same frequency as the reader. 4. Glass Capsule: The glass capsule â€Å"houses† the microchip, antenna coil and capacitor. It is a small capsule, the smallest measuring 11 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, about the size of an uncooked grain of rice. The capsule is made of biocompatible material such as soda lime glass. After assembly, the capsule is hermetically (air-tight) sealed, so no bodily fluids can touch the electronics inside. Because the glass is very smooth and susceptible to movement, a material such as a polypropylene polymer sheath is attached to one end of the capsule. This sheath provides a compatible surface which the bodily tissue fibers bond or interconnect, resulting in a permanent placement of the biochip. BIOCHIP AND SYRINGE | |[pic] | The biochip is inserted into the subject with a hypodermic syringe. Injection is safe and simple, comparable to common vaccines. Anesthesia is not required nor recommended. In dogs and cats, the biochip is usually injected behind the neck between the shoulder blades. Trovan, Ltd. , markets an implant, featuring a patented â€Å"zip quill†, whi ch you simply press in, no syringe is needed. According to AVID â€Å"Once implanted, the identity tag is virtually impossible to retrieve. . The number can never be altered. † THE READER: The reader consists of an â€Å"exciter† coil which creates an electromagnetic field that, via radio signals, provides the necessary energy (less than 1/1000 of a watt) to â€Å"excite† or â€Å"activate† the implanted biochip. The reader also carries a receiving coil that receives the transmitted code or ID number sent back from the â€Å"activated† implanted biochip. This all takes place very fast, in milliseconds. The reader also contains the software and components to decode the received code and display the result in an LCD display. The reader can include a RS-232 port to attach a computer. WORKING OF A BIOCHIP: The reader generates a low-power, electromagnetic field, in this case via radio signals, which â€Å"activates† the implanted biochip. This â€Å"activation† enables the biochip to send the ID code back to the reader via radio signals. The reader amplifies the received code, converts it to digital format, decodes and displays the ID number on the reader's LCD display. The reader must normally be between 2 and 12 inches near the biochip to communicate. The reader and biochip can communicate through most materials, except metal. THE APPLICATIONS: 1. With a biochip tracing of a person/animal , anywhere in the world is possible: Once the reader is connected to the internet, satellite and a centralized database is maintained about the biochipped creatures, It is always possible to trace out the personality intended. 2. A biochip can store and update financial, medical, demographic data, basically everything about a person: An implanted biochip can be scanned to pay for groceries, obtain medical procedures, and conduct financial transactions. Currently, the in use, implanted biochips only store one 10 to 15 digits. If biochips are designed to accommodate with more ROM & RAM there is definitely an opportunity. A biochip leads to a secured E-Commerce systems : It’s a fact; the world is very quickly going to a digital or E-economy, through the Internet. It is expected that by 2008, 60% of the Business transactions will be performed through the Internet. The E-money future, however, isn't necessarily secure. The Internet wasn't built to be Fort Knox. In the wrong hands, this powerful tool can turn dangerous. Hackers have already broken into bank files that were 100% secure. A biochip is the possible solution to the â€Å"identification and security† dilemma faced by the digital economy. This type of new bio-security device is capable of accurately tracking information regarding what users are doing, and who are to accurately track information regarding what users are doing, and who is actually doing it. Biochips really are potent in replacing passports, cash, medical records: The really powered biochip systems can replace cash, passports, medical & other records! It’s no more required to carry wallet full cash, credit/ATM cards, passports & medical records to the market place. Payment system, authentication procedures may all be done by the means Biochips. 4. Medicinal implementations of Biochips : A New Era Proposed by us 1. Biochip as Glucose Detector : The Biochip can be integrated with a glucose detector. The chip will allow diabetics to easily monitor the level of the sugar glucose in their blood. Diabetics currently use a skin prick and a hand-held blood test, and then medicate themselves with insulin depending on the result. The system is simple and works well, but the need to draw blood means that most diabetics don't test themselves as often as they should. Although they may get away with this in the short term, in later life those who monitored infrequently suffer from blindness, loss of circulation, and other complications. The solution is more frequent testing, using a less invasive method. The biochip will sit underneath the skin, sense the glucose level, and send the result back out by radio-frequency communication. Proposed principle of Glucose detection: A light-emitting diode (LED) in the biochip starts off the detection process. The light that it produces hits a fluorescent chemical: one that absorbs incoming light and re-emits it at a longer wavelength. The longer wavelength of light is then detected, and the result is sent to a control panel outside the body. Glucose is detected because the sugar reduces the amount of light that the fluorescent chemical re-emits. The more glucose there is the less light that is detected. Biochip as Oxygen sensor: The biochip can also be integrated with an oxygen sensor . The oxygen sensor will be useful not only to monitor breathing in intensive care units, but also to check that packages of food, or containers of semiconductors stored under nitrogen gas, remain airtight. Proposed principal of Oxygen sensor in Biochip: The oxygen-sensing chip sends light pulses out into the body. The light is absorbed to varying extents, depending on how much oxygen is being carried in the blood, and the chip detects the light that is left. The rushes of blood pumped by the heart are also detected, so the same chip is a pulse monitor. 2. Biochip as an Blood Pressure sensor: In normal situations, The Blood Pressure of a healthy Human being is 120/80 mm of Hg. A Pressure ratio lower than this is said to be â€Å"Low BP â€Å" condition & A Pressure ratio more than this is â€Å"High BP† condition. Serious Effects will be reflected in humans during Low & High BP conditions; it may sometimes cause the death of a Person. Blood Pressure is checked with BP Apparatus in Hospitals and this is done only when the patient is abnormal. However, a continuous monitoring of BP is required in the aged people & Patients. A huge variety of hardware circuitry (sensors) is available in electronics to detect the flow of fluid. It’s always possible to embed this type of sensors into a biochip. An integration of Pressure (Blood Flow) detecting circuits with the Biochip can make the chip to continuously monitor the blood flow rate & when the pressure is in its low or high extremes it can be immediately informed through the reader hence to take up remedial measures. Typical Problem of Biochips: A Solution Proposed – The Lock: Problem before the world A chip implant would contain a person’s financial world, medical history, health care — it would contain his electronic life†. If cash no longer existed and if the world’s economy was totally chip oriented; — there would be a huge â€Å"black-market† for chips! Since there is no cash and no other bartering system, criminals would cut off hands and heads, stealing â€Å"rich-folks† chips. â€Å"It is very dangerous because once kidnappers get to know about these chips, they will skin people to find them,† (New York Times, June 20, 1999) The typical solutions won’t work well are already proposed by different people: The Biochip must retain data only if it is placed in a fluid medium like blood & not in any other medium. This technique is unsuitable for identification of dead bodies (murdered by the kidnappers) as it loses the data about the social security number. 3. The data in the Biochip must be erased if it is exposed to sunlight/air. This technique is unsuitable as transplantation of biochip from genuine to the fraud in darkness (by means of infrared light) or in the vacuum (by means of oxygen cylinders). And many such†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.!!!!!!!! Our key: The solution Proposed by me: A generic & existing model of Biochips consists of only ROM component in it and is capable of accommodating the data such as social security number, Passport number, bankcard number etc. , which are normally permanent in nature. The induction of RAM component in addition to ROM & storing the Bankcard, Financial details which causes the problem is a mere solution. As RAM needs to be continuously charged inorder to retain the data, Current can be supplied to the chip either from the electrical energy produced in the cells or by converting the heat energy in our body to electrical energy. Once if the chip is taken out from the human body RAM immediately loses the Power supply from the human body; thus information in the RAM is lost and therefore is useless for the kidnappers. However this technique will not affect the data in ROM i. e. Social security number that can be used to detect the address of the dead bodies that were unidentified. CONCLUSION The Cyber Future InfoTech will be implanted in our bodies. A chip implanted somewhere in human bodies might serve as a combination of credit card, passport, driver's license, personal diary. No longer would it be needed to worry about losing the credit cards while traveling. A chip inserted into human bodies might also give us extra mental power. The really fascinating idea is under fast track research â€Å"but we're close. † The day in which we have chips embedded in our skins is not too far from now. â€Å"This is science fiction stuff. † †This is a true example to prove science really starts s with fiction†. BIBLOGRAPHY:- www. mrgco. com www. anl. gov www. freepatentsonline. com Biochip [pic] (Life on a Chip) (PAPER UNDER THE THEME:†BIOCOMPUTING & INFORMATICS†) ABSTRACT â€Å"A single electronic card may replace everything in your wallet including. . . . . . your cash . . . your credit cards . . . your ATM card . . . your ID cards . . . your insurance . . . and your life FUTURE One card, or one chip, with your life on it. † â€Å"Biochips†-The most exciting future technology is an outcome of the fields of Computer science, Electronics & Biology. Its a new type of bio-security device to accurately track information regarding what a person is doing, and who is to accurately track information regarding what he is doing, and who is actually doing it. It’s no more required with biochips the good old idea of remembering pesky PINs, Passwords, & Social security numbers . No more matters of carrying medical records to a hospital, No more cash/credit card carrying to the market place; everything goes embedded in the chip†¦. Every thing goes digitalized. No more hawker tricks on the internet†¦.! Biochip has a variety technique for secured E-money transactions on the net. The power of biochips exists in capability of locating lost children, downed soldiers, and wandering Alzheimer patients. Our contributions to this paper lie in the aspects of â€Å"Implementation of Glucose detector in Biochips† †Implementation of Oxygen sensor in Biochips† 4. â€Å"Implementation of Blood pressure sensor in Biochips† 5. â€Å"Proposal of Solution for the typical theft problem faced by the Biochips† The four contributions have been discussed in detail with the proposed principles for implementation of the concepts. A simple ID chip is already walking around in tens of thousands of individuals, but all of them are pets. Companies such as AVID (Norco, Calif. ), Electronic ID, Inc. (Cleburne, TX. ), and Electronic Identification Devices, Ltd. (Santa Barbara, Calif. ) sell both the chips and the detectors. The chips are of the size of an uncooked grain of rice, small enough to be injected under the skin using a hypodermic syringe needle. They respond to a signal from the detector, held just a few feet away, by transmitting out an identification number. This number is then compared to database listings of registered pets. The Biochip tagging for humans has already started†¦Rush out for your tag!!!!! INTRODUCTION:- Biochips are any microprocessor chips that can be used in Biology. The biochip technology was originally developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries, it’s use now includes, over 300 zoos, over 80 government agencies in at least 20 countries, pets (everything from lizards to dogs), electronic â€Å"branding† of horses, monitoring lab animals, fisheries, endangered wildlife, automobiles, garment tracking, hazardous waste, and humans. Biochips are â€Å"silently† inching into humans. For instance, at least 6 million medical devices, such as artificial body parts (prosthetic devices), breast implants, chin implants, etc. , are implanted in people each year. And most of these medical devices are carrying a â€Å"surprise† guest — a biochip. In 1993, the Food and Drug Administration passed the Safe Medical Devices Registration Act of 1993, requiring all artificial body implants to have â€Å"implanted† identification — the biochip. So, the yearly, 6 million recipients of prosthetic devices and breast implants are â€Å"biochipped†. To date, over 7 million animals have been â€Å"chipped†. The major biochip companies are A. V. I. D. (American Veterinary Identification Devices), Trovan Identification Systems, and Destron-Fearing Corporation. THE BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY The current, in use, biochip implant system is actually a fairly simple device. Today’s, biochip implant is basically a small (micro) computer chip, inserted under the skin, for identification purposes. The biochip system is radio frequency identification (RFID) system, using low-frequency radio signals to communicate between the biochip and reader. THE BIOCHIP IMPLANT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO COMPONENTS: [pic] |[pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | |PERSPECTIVE OF | | |THE ACTUAL SIZE | THE TRANSPONDER: The transponder is the actual biochip implant. It is a passive transponder, meaning it contains no battery or energy of its own. In comparison, an active transponder would provide its own energy source, normally a small battery. Because the passive biochip contains no battery, or nothing to wear out, it has a very long life, up to 99 years, and no maintenance. Being passive, it's inactive until the reader activates it by sending it a low-power electrical charge. The reader â€Å"reads† or â€Å"scans† the implanted biochip and receives back data (in this case an identification number) from the biochip. The communication between biochip and reader is via low-frequency radio waves. The biochip transponder consists of four parts: 1. computer Microchip: The microchip stores a unique identification number from 10 to 15 digits long. The storage capacity of the current microchips is limited, capable of storing only a single ID number. AVID (American Veterinary Identification Devices), claims their chips, using an nnn-nnn-nnn format, has the capability of over 70 trillion unique numbers. The unique ID number is â€Å"etched† or encoded via a laser onto the surface of the microchip before assembly. Once the number is encoded it is impossible to alter. The microchip also contains the electronic circuitry necessary to transmit the ID number to the â€Å"reader†. 2. Antenna Coil: This is normally a simple, coil of copper wire around a ferrite or iron core. This is tiny primitive radio antenna â€Å"receives and sends† signals from the reader or scanner. 3. Tuning Capacitor: The capacitor stores the small electrical charge (less than 1/1000 of a watt) sent by the reader or scanner, which activates the transponder. This â€Å"activation† allows the transponder to send back the ID number encoded in the computer chip. Because â€Å"radio waves† are utilized to communicate between the transponder and reader, the capacitor is â€Å"tuned† to the same frequency as the reader. 4. Glass Capsule: The glass capsule â€Å"houses† the microchip, antenna coil and capacitor. It is a small capsule, the smallest measuring 11 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, about the size of an uncooked grain of rice. The capsule is made of biocompatible material such as soda lime glass. After assembly, the capsule is hermetically (air-tight) sealed, so no bodily fluids can touch the electronics inside. Because the glass is very smooth and susceptible to movement, a material such as a polypropylene polymer sheath is attached to one end of the capsule. This sheath provides a compatible surface which the bodily tissue fibers bond or interconnect, resulting in a permanent placement of the biochip. BIOCHIP AND SYRINGE | |[pic] | The biochip is inserted into the subject with a hypodermic syringe. Injection is safe and simple, comparable to common vaccines. Anesthesia is not required nor recommended. In dogs and cats, the biochip is usually injected behind the neck between the shoulder blades. Trovan, Ltd. , markets an implant, featuring a patented â€Å"zip quill†, whi ch you simply press in, no syringe is needed. According to AVID â€Å"Once implanted, the identity tag is virtually impossible to retrieve. . The number can never be altered. † THE READER: The reader consists of an â€Å"exciter† coil which creates an electromagnetic field that, via radio signals, provides the necessary energy (less than 1/1000 of a watt) to â€Å"excite† or â€Å"activate† the implanted biochip. The reader also carries a receiving coil that receives the transmitted code or ID number sent back from the â€Å"activated† implanted biochip. This all takes place very fast, in milliseconds. The reader also contains the software and components to decode the received code and display the result in an LCD display. The reader can include a RS-232 port to attach a computer. WORKING OF A BIOCHIP: The reader generates a low-power, electromagnetic field, in this case via radio signals, which â€Å"activates† the implanted biochip. This â€Å"activation† enables the biochip to send the ID code back to the reader via radio signals. The reader amplifies the received code, converts it to digital format, decodes and displays the ID number on the reader's LCD display. The reader must normally be between 2 and 12 inches near the biochip to communicate. The reader and biochip can communicate through most materials, except metal. THE APPLICATIONS: 1. With a biochip tracing of a person/animal , anywhere in the world is possible: Once the reader is connected to the internet, satellite and a centralized database is maintained about the biochipped creatures, It is always possible to trace out the personality intended. 2. A biochip can store and update financial, medical, demographic data, basically everything about a person: An implanted biochip can be scanned to pay for groceries, obtain medical procedures, and conduct financial transactions. Currently, the in use, implanted biochips only store one 10 to 15 digits. If biochips are designed to accommodate with more ROM & RAM there is definitely an opportunity. A biochip leads to a secured E-Commerce systems : It’s a fact; the world is very quickly going to a digital or E-economy, through the Internet. It is expected that by 2008, 60% of the Business transactions will be performed through the Internet. The E-money future, however, isn't necessarily secure. The Internet wasn't built to be Fort Knox. In the wrong hands, this powerful tool can turn dangerous. Hackers have already broken into bank files that were 100% secure. A biochip is the possible solution to the â€Å"identification and security† dilemma faced by the digital economy. This type of new bio-security device is capable of accurately tracking information regarding what users are doing, and who are to accurately track information regarding what users are doing, and who is actually doing it. Biochips really are potent in replacing passports, cash, medical records: The really powered biochip systems can replace cash, passports, medical & other records! It’s no more required to carry wallet full cash, credit/ATM cards, passports & medical records to the market place. Payment system, authentication procedures may all be done by the means Biochips. 4. Medicinal implementations of Biochips : A New Era Proposed by us 1. Biochip as Glucose Detector : The Biochip can be integrated with a glucose detector. The chip will allow diabetics to easily monitor the level of the sugar glucose in their blood. Diabetics currently use a skin prick and a hand-held blood test, and then medicate themselves with insulin depending on the result. The system is simple and works well, but the need to draw blood means that most diabetics don't test themselves as often as they should. Although they may get away with this in the short term, in later life those who monitored infrequently suffer from blindness, loss of circulation, and other complications. The solution is more frequent testing, using a less invasive method. The biochip will sit underneath the skin, sense the glucose level, and send the result back out by radio-frequency communication. Proposed principle of Glucose detection: A light-emitting diode (LED) in the biochip starts off the detection process. The light that it produces hits a fluorescent chemical: one that absorbs incoming light and re-emits it at a longer wavelength. The longer wavelength of light is then detected, and the result is sent to a control panel outside the body. Glucose is detected because the sugar reduces the amount of light that the fluorescent chemical re-emits. The more glucose there is the less light that is detected. Biochip as Oxygen sensor: The biochip can also be integrated with an oxygen sensor . The oxygen sensor will be useful not only to monitor breathing in intensive care units, but also to check that packages of food, or containers of semiconductors stored under nitrogen gas, remain airtight. Proposed principal of Oxygen sensor in Biochip: The oxygen-sensing chip sends light pulses out into the body. The light is absorbed to varying extents, depending on how much oxygen is being carried in the blood, and the chip detects the light that is left. The rushes of blood pumped by the heart are also detected, so the same chip is a pulse monitor. 2. Biochip as an Blood Pressure sensor: In normal situations, The Blood Pressure of a healthy Human being is 120/80 mm of Hg. A Pressure ratio lower than this is said to be â€Å"Low BP â€Å" condition & A Pressure ratio more than this is â€Å"High BP† condition. Serious Effects will be reflected in humans during Low & High BP conditions; it may sometimes cause the death of a Person. Blood Pressure is checked with BP Apparatus in Hospitals and this is done only when the patient is abnormal. However, a continuous monitoring of BP is required in the aged people & Patients. A huge variety of hardware circuitry (sensors) is available in electronics to detect the flow of fluid. It’s always possible to embed this type of sensors into a biochip. An integration of Pressure (Blood Flow) detecting circuits with the Biochip can make the chip to continuously monitor the blood flow rate & when the pressure is in its low or high extremes it can be immediately informed through the reader hence to take up remedial measures. Typical Problem of Biochips: A Solution Proposed – The Lock: Problem before the world A chip implant would contain a person’s financial world, medical history, health care — it would contain his electronic life†. If cash no longer existed and if the world’s economy was totally chip oriented; — there would be a huge â€Å"black-market† for chips! Since there is no cash and no other bartering system, criminals would cut off hands and heads, stealing â€Å"rich-folks† chips. â€Å"It is very dangerous because once kidnappers get to know about these chips, they will skin people to find them,† (New York Times, June 20, 1999) The typical solutions won’t work well are already proposed by different people: The Biochip must retain data only if it is placed in a fluid medium like blood & not in any other medium. This technique is unsuitable for identification of dead bodies (murdered by the kidnappers) as it loses the data about the social security number. 3. The data in the Biochip must be erased if it is exposed to sunlight/air. This technique is unsuitable as transplantation of biochip from genuine to the fraud in darkness (by means of infrared light) or in the vacuum (by means of oxygen cylinders). And many such†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.!!!!!!!! Our key: The solution Proposed by me: A generic & existing model of Biochips consists of only ROM component in it and is capable of accommodating the data such as social security number, Passport number, bankcard number etc. , which are normally permanent in nature. The induction of RAM component in addition to ROM & storing the Bankcard, Financial details which causes the problem is a mere solution. As RAM needs to be continuously charged inorder to retain the data, Current can be supplied to the chip either from the electrical energy produced in the cells or by converting the heat energy in our body to electrical energy. Once if the chip is taken out from the human body RAM immediately loses the Power supply from the human body; thus information in the RAM is lost and therefore is useless for the kidnappers. However this technique will not affect the data in ROM i. e. Social security number that can be used to detect the address of the dead bodies that were unidentified. CONCLUSION The Cyber Future InfoTech will be implanted in our bodies. A chip implanted somewhere in human bodies might serve as a combination of credit card, passport, driver's license, personal diary. No longer would it be needed to worry about losing the credit cards while traveling. A chip inserted into human bodies might also give us extra mental power. The really fascinating idea is under fast track research â€Å"but we're close. † The day in which we have chips embedded in our skins is not too far from now. â€Å"This is science fiction stuff. † †This is a true example to prove science really starts s with fiction†. BIBLOGRAPHY:- www. mrgco. com www. anl. gov www. freepatentsonline. com

Foundation S N Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundation S N - Essay Example Eating and drinking are integral parts of human existence, and this is a very important part of activities of daily living in Roper et als model of living. I was given to understand that as a nurse, I have a primary role within the multidisciplinary team to ensure that my patient receive food, fluids, and adequate nutrition when he is under my care. My plan also involved educating him regarding a healthy diet (Mentes, Chang, and Morris, 2006, 392-406). This patient had difficulty in eating and drinking due to stroke and resultant paralysis. Being fully aware that it was primarily my responsibility to feed him and ensure that he meets his nutritional requirements, I first assessed his clinical situation (Fowles and Feucht, 2004, 429-433). Assistance would be necessary, but my goal would be to set a goal of achieving independence in terms of eating and drinking. I knew that the thought of having to be fed is a threat to the patients individual integrity and self-esteem. Similar feelings were happening in the patient, and I demonstrated considerable care and sensitivity to handle the whole affair of feeding and drinking and made every effort to minimise the negative aspects (Wilson, 2006, 413-416). Before preparing and serving the meal, this patient was offered a bedpan followed by facilities for hand washing. Eating would have been easier if the patient could have been able to sit out of bed, but this was next to impossible in this case, since he was bedfast and had no balance to maintain a straight posture. As a result, support was arranged to make him sit upright on the bed, and a suitable table was arranged and placed in front of him where the food and drink can be kept. This would allow him to see his food and indicate preferences. I offered the patient also the opportunity to clean his teeth and use a mouthwash. To ensure a relaxed social atmosphere, I sat at the same level as him. Prior to this, I identified

Six Steps Involved in Conducting a Job Analysis of a Nursing Position Assignment

Six Steps Involved in Conducting a Job Analysis of a Nursing Position - Assignment Example Further, the job analysis process helps in the determination of what a given job entails including the location, title, summary, working conditions, equipment, possible hazards and the material that the potential or existing employees will require to undertake the job  (Dessler, 2008). The first step in the job analysis process is to collect information concerning the job. Several methods can be used the collection of data about a given job. These methods include seeking the input of subject matter experts, reviewing classification standards and position descriptions, and going through occupational studies. Others include interviewing employees doing the job, letting employees fill questionnaires and observation. Nurses in emergency rooms specialize in the provision of critical medical care, as well as, specialized forms of treatments to patients who are severely ill or injured. They are involved in the provision of treatments to patients who suffer from life-threatening conditions. Of all the responsibilities emergency room nurses are involved in, undertaking the blood work is the most critical. This is because patients who visit this area lose blood at a high rate due to the kind of circumstances that they face before coming to the hospital. Further, the cleaning of lacerations is required, as well as, rapid assessment of patients. To begin with, emergency room nurses ought to be fast and efficient in their duties. This duty needs individuals that can work in blood-filled areas comfortably. Further, nurses in emergency rooms need to have been adequately trained with good academic abilities. Nurses need to be adequately trained so that they can have the relevant skills to clean up lacerations. This procedure requires near perfection, and this can be provided through adequate training. Further, nurses ought to have personalities that will allow them to work in areas with horrific sites. This personality is important because severely ill or injured individuals visit emergency rooms. Speedy, but efficient individuals are also required in the emergency rooms because of the pressure of the job.  Ã‚  

John Paul II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

John Paul II - Essay Example While the NE is a doctrine and set of ideas that was put forward by John Paul II in the early 1990's, the roots of this belong in the establishment of the Second Vatican Council (1962) and in documents like the LUMEN GENTIUM (1964)[1]. In the broadest terms, it can be said that the Second Vatican Council or Vatican II was the Catholic Church's attempt to adapt and assimilate some of modernity or modernism. For instance, one of the changes or transformations that most Catholics are likely aware of, is that Mass is no longer required to be in Latin. The significance of this historically is rather rich. The very Reformation which split the Catholic Church in the Sixteen Century, partially happened because of a new movement to bring the Bible into the vernacular or to the language of the people [2]. And, while the Bible had made it into the languages that common people spoke many centuries earlier, Mass continued to be conducted in Latin until 1962: "Since these duties, so very necessary to the life of the Church, can be fulfilled only with difficulty in many regions in accordance with the discipline of the Latin Church as it exists today" [3]. Another aspect of the NE that is both central, and which has its roots in Vatican II and the the Lumen Gentium, is the incorporation of lay individuals into the body and mission of the Church. That is, viewing lay people as not just the object of being converted or taught, but as valuable members of the community who have a contribution to make in spreading the word, so to speak: "every layman, in virtue of the very gifts bestowed upon him, is at the same time a witness and a living instrument of the mission of the Church itself 'according to the measure of Christ's bestowal'" [4]. Compare this remark with what John Paul II says about the NE: Today, in particular, the pressing pastoral task of the new evangelization calls for involvement of the entire people of God, and requires a new fervor, new methods and a new expression for the announcing and witnessing of the gospel [5]. The first important and general dimension of the NE, and as it relates to changes in the Catholic Church since the early 1960's, is the inclusiveness, and a less hierarchal approach to the ministry of the Church. However, where Vatican II and the Lumen Gentium are a way of accommodating or assimilating modernism to some extent, the NE as established by John Paul II is succinct insofar as it can be said to be a set of ideas that is actually reactionary modernism or modernization. By reactionary, it is not implied in terms of having as its object Catholic doctrine, rather, society itself. One of the concerns of the NE, is increased secularization, a decrease in the basic lay understanding of the tenets of Christianity, and Catholic Catechism. As John Paul II's assistant states on the subject of his concern with secularization in Western Europe that it was "gradually drifting further and further from its roots and so from its histor y and culture" [6]. This is a perspective about secularization, according to one of John Paul's biographer's that began in the post-war period of the late 1940's and early 1950's, and as far back as then he viewed: "new forms of pastoral activity open to a broader participation by the laity" [7]. Although there is a lot in common between the

International Baccalaureate (IB) Vs. The Traditional High School Research Paper

International Baccalaureate (IB) Vs. The Traditional High School Curriculum - Research Paper Example International Baccalaureate offers three programmes to students who are between the age of 3 and 19. It has led to increase in the quality of education that many students get worldwide (Mathews & Hill, 2005). Most of the IB institution are privately own. On the other hand, traditional schools are public schools that started long time ago. The government built traditional schools to ensure that many students went to school despite the economic backgrounds of their families (Reese, 2005). However, International Baccalaureate (IB) can be compared with the traditional high school curriculum in very many areas. Comparing IB and traditional schools is very hard especially when one is trying to see which one of them is better. This will only depends on what someone is looking for in the field of education. IB programs’ main aim is to foster critical thinking and to make student to understand worldly with the aim of learning to work globally. Students are taught to develop intellectual, emotional and social skills that they can apply in their working environments. Therefore, schools that provide good traditional education are also able to provide the same skills to their students. IB education offers three programs to their students between the age of 3 and 19.

Does the internet degrades its users's cognitive quality Essay

Does the internet degrades its users's cognitive quality - Essay Example This paper is supposed to be a research opinion paper, so you are right to change this into a more argumentative one. Please strengthen this paper if possible by adding strong arguments, providing great coherence of logic flow, or including thought-provoking ideas. Does The Internet Degrade Its User’s Cognitive Quality? The internet is extremely prevalent these days; it has transformed human life from a normal life to a digital life. There are no life segments, in which the influence of internet is negligible. Business, education, communication, healthcare, culture and politics are some areas in which internet brought huge changes. The entire world is now divided into real world and virtual world. The activities going on the virtual world are almost equal in magnitude with the activities going on in the real world. In short, internet has made plenty of changes in the physical world. The influence of internet is not limited to the physical world alone; even mental activities un dergo rapid changes. One of affected mental activities is people’s cognitive skills; cognitive skills are brain-based skills that include set of abilities that are part of human actions. It involves logic, attention, memory, and perception. The efficiency and convenience that the internet provides is utilized by people in order to make their life much easier. Comparing internet research to hours of turning book pages to find relevant information and noting them down, the latter seems like a laborious and time-consuming task. After all, the internet provides relevant information from thousands of sources altogether in just a matter of seconds. But without being realized, it serves as a double-edged sword where it overindulges our brain and ruins our cognitive ability. The internet has made our lives much easier, but along with that it has degraded our cognitive quality. Being a student in this tech savvy generation, I am completely aware of the role the internet plays in our l ives. In fact today’s youth cannot even imagine getting through schools and colleges without the internet. The internet helps to complete academic tasks more easily because we have easy access to every piece of information one can ever imagine; it is all just a click away. The internet serves as huge library where one has access to information from all corners of the world. Even though lack of good editorial committees has flooded the internet with wrong information, the convenience of using the net to seek something, continues to be a preferred choice over browsing through books and journals. With the realization that using the internet to search for information is pretty convenient, people are becoming overly dependent on it, and slowly, their reasoning and problem solving skills are dropping. The internet provides readymade answers to all problems; therefore a student or researcher does not feel the need to think much about solving a problem. On the other hand, generations in the past were forced to think deeply to analyze different dimensions of a problem before identifying proper solution for that. The easiness in solving problem with the help of internet causes mental idleness. According to a study conducted by Karin Slegers, a Cognitive Psychologist, older adults who rely on the internet lose their cognitive functions much faster than their counterparts

Public Administration and Democratic Governance Essay

Public Administration and Democratic Governance - Essay Example Traditionally public administration has been the forte of orthodox public administrators. They believed in monopolistic policy making and forced enforcement of these policies. With "Change" occurring at rapid phase democratic governance in public administration is inevitable to provide responsive and effective service to citizens. Citizen awareness has been another driving force enabling changes in functioning of the public administration. Citizens are more demanding, ask for more out of less and have raised the bar for public administrators from just governance to good governance. This notion has moved the responsibilities of public servants from service providers to the ones responsible for greater public good and minority upliftment. The three branches of governance - Legislative, Executive and Judiciary are no more seen as separate entities, instead, their packaged service accessibility is one of the other major responsibilities of a public administrator. The drivers mentioned above lay the stepping stone for "New Public Administration" (NPM). This initiative has become a synonym for public administration's effort towards democratic governance aiming to achieve greater economic and social development. The self governance process introduced by NPM is driven by innovation at all levels intending to face the turbulent dissatisfaction environment. Decentraliza

Background to Media Plan of Unpackaged Grocery Retailers Essay

Background to Media Plan of Unpackaged Grocery Retailers - Essay Example â€Å"Media planning  - is the choice of optimal channel advertising (advertising contacts), conducted in order to maximize the effectiveness of advertising campaigns† (What is a Media Plan? n.d.). Situation Analysis: About Unpackaged and its Products: Unpackaged, is an organic grocery store set up locally in North London in the year 2007. (Unpackaged: Using Less Wasteful Packaging n.d.). It makes use of the design which helps its local customers to purchase products using less wasteful packages, and thus helps them to remain more eco- friendly. Unpackaged sells environmentally friendly standard mass items such as grains, sugars, flours, spices, and the traditional grocery products like oil, milk, eggs, cheese, wine, and beer. â€Å"Unpackaged was founded in 2006 by Catherine Conway,† who recognized that it is important to work with designers to be more successful for the plan of alternative to supermarket shopping† (Unpackaged n.d.). With the aid of design agen cy Conway managed to develop a strong brand and certain new ways of shopping. Unpackaged began its operation â€Å"as a market stall at Exmouth Market† (Easy Tips to Being Greener (and Better off)! 2007) with Conway pointing out the type of grocery people like to buy loose and â€Å"lots of feedback from customers† (Diamond 2012) regarding the reasons behind to stay off from buying Unpackaged products. So they created a jar icon when they remain still in the small business in the market. The business still found it difficult to brand the organization as it removed the essential thing i.e. the vehicle for branding purpose: packaging. Later they designed a flyer that utilizes icons with the same ratios as the unpackaged jar to clarify how the new concept of shopping works. They moved from the stall into the retail shop in the market, and more versions of the icons in gold foil were put on the door, so that everybody who comes into the shop can effortlessly make out how i t will work. The movement of Unpackaged into a shop, intended for a new style of shopping, proved to be popular in the market. â€Å"The mantra of Unpackaged is: Reduce by only buying what you need, Reuse by bringing your containers for a refill, Recycle what you can’t reuse. And†¦ if you can’t reuse or recycle it then don’t buy it!† (Unpackaged Shopping without Packaging 2012). About the Market: The grocery market in UK

The Spirit of Disciplines By Dallas Willard Essay Example for Free

The Spirit of Disciplines By Dallas Willard Essay About the Author   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dallas Willard is known for his enthusiasm in the basic elements of true â€Å"Christianship†. Most of his writings pertain to the different characteristics and disciplines that a true Christian is expected to posses. Being a professor of philosophy, Dallas is also known for his being logical and practical in the process of his presentations of the truth about Christianity and the basic attitudes that are involved in being a real follower of the Christ. It could not be denied then that through his writings, he was able to inspire different individuals, even student who are at some point obliged to review his writings and comment on his idealisms in becoming the rightful Christians that they ought to be. His writings are considered enlightenment to the soul as they all pertain to the ability of man to reach the standards of God and fulfill his requirements to mankind. One of his most remarkable writings is the book entitled â€Å"The spirit of disciplines†. This book has been noted to have changed the views of people in the reality of being Christ-like in their ways of living. It has also been noted by several religious teachers to be a powerful material that have changed the attitude of many readers towards the responsibilities of being a Christian. About the Book   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Published in the year 1996, â€Å"The Spirit of Disciplines† came in as a part of the Willard’s trilogy on Christianity which primarily includes his two major authored books entitled In Search of Guidance and The Divine Conspiracy. These particular books are indeed published to assist Christians find their way back to righteousness amidst all the challenges and the hardships that they need to face in living within the cruel world of the present society.   â€Å"The spirit of disciplines† particularly helps readers understand the different pointers of consideration that they need to learn to be able to create a much more considerable Christian-like personality within themselves. Content and Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The entire context of the book deals with the different virtues of being a Christian. Among which includes the impending belief on the fact that by applying the disciplines of abstinence which includes solitude, silence, fasting, frugality, chastity, secrecy and   sacrifice a Christian would be able to bring out the fruits of the disciplines of engagement which in turn includes study, worship, celebration, service, prayer, fellowship, confession and submission. Through the application of these major virtues, Willard points out that the essence of true Christianity could then be established within the personality of a certain individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this book, Willard also points out that there is an importance placed in the capability of a person to apply these major characteristics in his dealings with other people through his ministry. The Bible verse 1 Timothy 4:7 which reads: â€Å"But turn down the false stories which violate what is holy and which old women tell. On the other hand, be training yourself with godly devotion as your aim† has also been strongly used by Willard as the major basis of his thoughts that have been presented through the book that he has published. Personal Reaction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the verse 1 Timothy 4:7 is continued until verses 8, 9 and 10, it would imply: â€Å"For bodily training is beneficial for a little; but godly devotion is beneficial for all things, as it holds promise of the life now and that which is to come.   Faithful and deserving of full acceptance is that statement.   For to this end we are working hard and exerting ourselves, because we have rested our hope on a living God, who is a Savior of all sorts of men, especially of faithful ones.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Certainly the verses indicate that for one to be able to attain the absolute state of being a true Christian, he must be able to face the challenges of being a follower of the Christ through his ability of disciplining himself as an individual who is able to train himself in attaining the best results in his ministry. As the book of Willard points out, the application of ones’ learning and training as received from the principles of the Holy Scriptures shall be the main reason for a person to progress in becoming a Christian-like individual who is able to reach the standards of God that HE himself has provided for his disciples to follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   True, reading this particular writing of Willard is indeed inspiring and beneficial especially for those who are enthusiastic enough in taking the necessary steps needed in becoming a real Christian. The essence of being a true follower of the Christ indeed lies on the ability of one to discipline himself accordingly to the ways of righteousness. Reference: Dallas Willard. (1996). The Spirit of the Disciplines. Hodder Stoughton Religious; New Ed edition.

Urban Structure in Modern Society

Urban Structure in Modern Society How Should a Modern, Globalized Society Adapt Its Urban Structure? A Comparison of Four Texts Globalization, much like the Industrial Revolution that propelled Europe and North America to the forefront of the global economic stage, has forced the redevelopment and organization of urban hubs. Some, like Moulaert and Waley, support government-led initiatives addressing the problem of the economic disparities among social classes caused by the redefinition of labor markets. Others, including Logan and Swanstrom, argue against centrally-planned economies and markets, positing that cities should not work outside the boundaries of their national context. Scholars like Haila, on the other hand, present a married political ideology combining the two, arguing that while differences in cities may exist, real estate and private investment is the common link binding all â€Å"global cities.† With globalization overtaking the norms of familiar market economies, contemporary urban hubs face â€Å"persistent high levels of unemployment, shortage of job opportunities, homelessness, deteriorating housing and living conditions, widening income gaps, [and] social violence†; these problems have become â€Å"an integral part of the new urban context, regardless of prevailing dynamics of economic growth or decline†[1]. Consequently, Moulaert and his contemporaries suggest government-mandated interventions are necessary, including the coerced transformation of labor markets. According to Moulaert, â€Å"the transformation of employment is, doubtless, the key axis of urban socio-economic restructuring and the primary factor shaping increasing inequality and social fragmentation in cities†[2]. Logan and Swanstrom concur, but question the extent to which the government ought to be able to intervene in the restructuring of society. They question â€Å"what form th ese interventions should take,† as reform in the East â€Å"is a synonym for raising prices, reducing some types of consumption, and accepting structural unemployment†; the Communist-type failure of urban restructuring (and central planning) is therefore representative of a â€Å"political and economic event,† avoidable through the careful, monitored endorsement of free market economies[3]. Waley, like Moulaert and his contemporaries, supports a degree of government intervention in urban restructuring and cites the Japanese post-war example. Waley suggests Japan’s success in urban restructuring can be attributed to â€Å"reorganizing urban space in pursuit of economic growth,† which entailed national â€Å"relaxation of zoning, disposal of public land, and measures advantageous to private landowners† vis-à  -vis the strategies outlined by Haila which will be examined later[4]. The government, Waley argues, is the greatest facilitator of econ omic growth through its power to enact policies; contrary to the Communist model, however, Waley’s proposition is one of incentive to the private sector. Logan and Swanstrom directly oppose governmental intervention supported by Moulaert and (to a degree) Waley, specifying that policy cures and the measure of urban restructuring in an ailing economy are better prescribed at the national level; the two stress that â€Å"cities cannot be abstracted from their national context†[5]. Logan and Swanstrom’s position endorse Waley’s admonitions to â€Å"avoid the dangers of a simplistic cultural-determinist response† to the necessity of urban restructuring[6]. On the other hand, Moulaert concedes the fallibility of his model, surmising that government intervention can be detrimental to a point as federal programs are a de facto means of increasing â€Å"the concentration of deprivation in particular urban areas and neighborhoods,† reproducing â€Å"the formation of â€Å"excluded communities, reproduced by the very initiatives that purportedly aim at eradicating them†[7]. Haila echoes the power of pu blic perception, claiming that the aforementioned factor drives the model of private real estate-powered economies. Pointing out the paradigm shift of Japanese investment in Los Angeles from the 1980s to the 1990s, Haila notes that urban development can be catalyzed or snuffed by a change in public perception; after all, â€Å"in the 1980s, Los Angeles was a city favored by Japanese investors,† but the 1992 race riots â€Å"changed this situation, as a property market where an asset can be demolished in one night is not a good market†[8]. While Haila does not prescribe uniformity in the application of economic and urban restructuring, she endorses the facet that all cities which aim to restructure themselves into â€Å"global cities† have real estate in common, echoing Waley’s sentiments regarding Japanese investment in Los Angeles. Private land ownership lends to the environment necessary for economic rehabilitation per globalization. Cities therein affe ct cities; the price falls and gains from one city inevitably affect another[9]. While Logan and Swanstrom support the contention that restructuring carries significant social and political institutions in its wake[10], their views are most applicable to the current global economy due to their calls for uniformity and consistence on a national level. Tied to Haila’s theory of inter-dependent cities, Logan and Swanstrom’s model prevents the cannibalization of intra-national markets. Moreover, Logan and Swanstrom advocate a laissez-faire attitude within the confines of a national agenda, therein tempering the so-called â€Å"free market.† Moulaert’s supposition that global restructuring entails urban development projects, his advocacy for government intervention, finds fault along the lines of market restriction. The workings of bureaucracy prevent the intervention of the individuals Haila perceives as vital to the growth of an economy through land ownership. Though they can be tempered by applicant law and a statute, truncating the invo lvement of the private sector limits growth and future adaptations to a globalizing world economy where punctuality can mean the difference between prosperity and recession. Waley may concede restructured Tokyo’s disparity between the living conditions of the poor and the profit expansions of business corporations, but in his assertions he glosses over the state’s possible use of higher tax revenues to revive the lower classes, thus leaving the question of self-propagating poverty and economic stagnation unanswered[11]. Perhaps most important to note is the necessity of policy fluidity in the degree of laissez-faire economics and governmental intervention. While all four works prescribed a degree of flexibility, none presented the simple fact that globalization, as a new world market and concept, cannot be approached using a template or a macroeconomic stencil of some sort. Adaptation in the urban sector, like all forms of adaptation, cannot be expected to work within the stricture of obstinate thought. BIBLIOGRAPHY Haila, A. (1997) â€Å"The Neglected Builder of Global Cities.† In: Cities in Transformation Transformation in Cities: Social and Symbolic Change of Urban Space, pp. 51 64. London: Ashgate P. Logan, John R and Todd Swanstrom. (1990) â€Å"Urban Restructuring: A Critical View.† In: Beyond the City Limits: Urban Policy and Economic restructuring in Comparative Perspective, pp. 3-24. New York: Temple U P. Moulaert, Frank et al. (2003) â€Å"Urban Restructuring, Social-Political Polarization and New Urban Policies.† In: The Globalized City: Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities, pp. 29-45. Oxford: Oxford U P. Waley, P. (2000) â€Å"Tokyo: Patterns of Familiarity and Partitions of Difference.† In: Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?, pp. 127-157. New York: Blackwell Publishers. Footnotes [1] Moulaert et al 2003, p. 30 [2] Moulaert et al 2003, p. 31 [3] Logan and Swanstrom 1990, p. 4 [4] Waley 2000, p.139 [5] Logan and Swanstrom 1990, p. 6 [6] Waley 2000, p. 128 [7] Moulaert et al 2003, p. 32 [8] Haila 1997, p. 56 [9] Haila 1997, p. 52 [10] Logan and Swanstrom 1990, p. 12 [11] Waley 200, p. 141

Essay --

Brielle Weyandt English 10 Honors Harding 18 December 2013 Miracle at Philadelphia Many factors affect the strength of a nation’s government, but one in particular created the foundation for a country hundreds of years afterwards. The Constitutional Convention occurred in Philadelphia during the hot, humid summer of 1787, at a Philadelphian state house. Delegates from twelve of thirteen states all convened to create the Constitution that would become the supreme law of the nation, and would let power fall in the hands of the people. The author of Miracle at Philadelphia, Catherine Drinker Bowen, narrates the trials and contributions of delegates from the developing states that eventually built a bustling nation of liberty and freedom. Those four months spent in one room calmly debating how to improve the government is arguably the most important moment in American history. After claiming independence from Great Britain, America had a tremulous start with thirteen states governing themselves using the Articles of Confederation and therefore not united under one whole government that set and regulated tax and commerce. With the states usually arguing and not providing financial support to the government, Shay’s Rebellion had begun in Massachusetts, urged by farmers, in protest of the tax collections and economic chaos. Without the political unrest caused by that one event, the future of America would have turned out differently; it would likely have been that the states would have plunged into massive debt and lost the freedoms achieved after the American Revolution. Afterwards, people had urged the creation of an effective government to support them, thus creating the Constitutional Convention. At the Convention, fifty-five delega... ..., fought over the threatening of liberties and failure to protect an individual’s unalienable rights. Before the Anti-Federalists were appeased twelve states had ratified the Constitution, which allowed for the new government to take effect. The government went officially into effect March 4, 1789 with its first Congressional meeting and election and inauguration of George Washington as the President. However, states still wanted a list of rights written into the Constitution. The resulting ten of the proposed amendments gained ratification and inclusion into the Constitution, later to be enacted and provided to citizens of the United States. For many, the Constitution is the document meant too symbolize the freedom and liberty associated with America; over the course of a few years the most important aspects of a nation were created that still affect generations.

The Physics of Downhill Skiing Essay -- Skiing Physics Essays

The Physics of Downhill Skiing You can hardly believe that the day you’ve been waiting for has arrived. After all this time of waiting patiently, Mother Nature has finally decided to cooperate by letting it snow. It was a miracle. The ski resorts had finally opened and in just a few minutes you’d be off the ski lift and ready to soar to the bottom of the mountain. Even though it’s your first time on skis, you’re sure you won’t have any problems. After all, you’re a pretty athletic individual, and you’ve watched skiing on the television during the winter Olympics. Your moment of reflection is put to a halt as your friend slaps you on the chest telling you it’s time to get off. You attempt to leave the chair, but your body quickly makes contact with the cold hard ground. After a long hard day of trying to make it down the hill you head home frustrated and ready to sell your new skis. Your skiing partner tries to console you by telling you that skiing is a complicated sport that involves a lot of physics. The next day you do some research. As you learn more about the physics involved in the sport of skiing, your struggles on the hill are put into prospective. The sport of skiing relies on the physics of Newton’s three laws of motion, gravity, and the concepts of potential and kinetic energy. The force that allows the skier to head down the hill is gravity. An inexperienced skier may find that gravity causes them to move down the hill faster than they’d like. What is gravity? We all know that gravity is the force that makes a ball, which has been thrown into the air, fall to the ground. Gravity is the force that the earth exerts on an object. As the skier heads down the hill the earth is pulling the skier towards its cen... ...t the amount of physics involved in downhill skiing. Gravity, energy, and Newton’s three Laws of Motion, are all concepts of physics that greatly affect the sport of skiing. If a beginner skier would take the time to examine these concepts they may find an explanation to why their first day at the ski hill didn’t go as expected. Works Cited Kirkpatrick, Larry D., Wheeler, Gerald F. Physics: A World View. Forth ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. Lind, David, and Scott P. Sanders. The Physics of Skiing at the Triple Point. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996. Mears, Annie. â€Å"Physics of Alpine Skiing.† 18 May 2002. 23 April 2003. Swinson, Derek B. â€Å"Physics and Skiing.† The Physics Teacher 30 Nov 1992, 30. The Physics Classroom. 21 April 2003.

The Desire of Human Trafficking

Compton Saul 2/11/2013 The Desire of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is considered to be the equivalent to modern day slavery. Even judging by the definition, human trafficking has a very negative term. Human trafficking, in many articles, is described as â€Å"the illegal trade of human beings, mainly for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor† (â€Å"Human Trafficking†). Human trafficking is becoming more and more of a problem and it has caught the attention of the UN. The UN is seeing that human trafficking is affecting the economies of countries and is morally wrong.One of the countries that suffers significantly from human trafficking is the Philippines. History The Philippines has become increasingly vulnerable to human trafficking. This is partly due to the country’s economic difficulty. About 11 million Filipinos work overseas to help their family still living in the Philippines. A specific reason that Filipinos go overseas is b ecause there are not many jobs in the Philippines. The economy leaves many Filipinos looking for jobs in different places that many believe will give them money to support their family. As a result of this, many female Filipinos are lured into human trafficking.The females are promised a respectable job to support their families. A typical Filipino led to believe that they are moving abroad to get a good job that will support her family, this trick that led them into slavery Females are not the only individuals who get tricked into human trafficking. Men and children also are involved in human trafficking. According to a human trafficking website, â€Å"women and children are trafficked within the country for forced begging, and for exploitation in the commercial sex industry† (â€Å"Human trafficking†). Filipinos are trafficked from rural areas to urban areas.In the Philippines, traffickers, in partnership with organized crime syndicates and complicit law enforcement officers, regularly operate through fraudulent recruitment agencies to traffic migrants. â€Å"The workers are often treated with violence, abuse, inhumane living conditions, nonpayment of salaries, and withholding of travel and identity documents this to leaving them with no way out† (â€Å"Human trafficking†). Historically, the Philippines have no sustainable jobs to maintain a typical Filipino family. This is why human trafficking is dramatically increasing in the Philippines by the factors they face (â€Å"Human Trafficking†). UnemploymentThe Philippines have limited jobs to support the Filipino population. Most Families get their income from overseas. This is true is because there are very little jobs available in the Filipino economy. As a consequence, many Filipinos are unemployed and fail to live a reasonable life. Unemployment in the Philippines is more widespread in the urban areas than in rural areas. The in depth reason why is because in rural areas many of the jobs involve agriculture jobs. This makes it easy for the populations that live in rural areas to be employed. Compared to rural resident, the urban population lacks the resources to earn jobs.This leaves most of the urban population unemployed with no jobs and income. Other factors like population growth and poverty leaves many families unemployed. The few jobs Filipinos are able to get are not able to support their household, making it hard for them to rely on the job. (â€Å"Trafficking In Persons Report 2012†) The Process of Recruited Victims Human trafficking often begins in the slums of the Philippines. Many of the victims who are recruited are children and women. Traffickers offer good jobs, but most individuals are tricked into to free labor.This is a reason as to why a typical Filipino is willing to go along with human trafficking. They see this as a ticket way to get away from the slums and to a better life. I emphasize on better life because many Filipi no are trying to survive from the poverty they deal with on daily bases. The trafficker strives on the Filipinos hopes and aspirations to hoax the citizen into working for them. Most of the victims are paid up front to show that the traffickers are trustworthy. Female Filipinos are usually promised waitressing jobs, but are manipulated into another form of labor, such as prostitution.Human traffickers also have a tendency to harass the family, making their daughters or children work for them. No Choices Many Filipino women still continue to go back to human trafficking because they believe there no other choices. The Filipino women, knowing the consequences, still continue to endure the horrible treatment in order to support their family. Many of the females believe that since there aren’t many available jobs, they must continue to endure these bad conditions. Many of the women believe that it’s their only option and that it is the right thing to do in order to help th eir family.Since they are limited by jobs, many Filipino women believe this would help their families by having something to provide for them. Filipino women then, as a result, continue to fall prey to human trafficking. Many Filipinos see this as a ticket to a better life where they can escape the economic difficulty. Typical Filipino families have nothing to support their family because they live in poverty. The individuals involved in this human trafficking often bring their daughters or other younger females into the process, solely because they believe that they are doing the right thing in providing for them.Conclusion The Filipino government understands that human trafficking is an immense problem in their country. The Philippine government and others have tried taking steps in preventing human trafficking. Concern for the help of many Filipinos is prominent because of the labor they have to work for. As stated in the Human Trafficking article, â€Å"the majority of children work as labors and unskilled workers, and are often exposed to hazardous working environment in industries such as mining, fishing, pyrotechnic production, domestic service, garbage scavenging, and agriculture, especially sugar cane plantations. This news catches the eyes of the government and Filipino organizations that want to prevent harsh acts towards children. One person that tries to limit and prevent human trafficking is CECILIA FLORES-OEBANDA. Ms. Cecilia Flores-Oebanda is the Founder and Director of the Visayan Forum Foundation (VFI) (â€Å"Human Trafficking†). The foundation tries to better the lives of the Filipino citizens who believe they have no choices, and result to human trafficking.The foundation tries and helps families that live in poverty so that they don’t turn to human trafficking. The foundation understands that it is the people that live in poverty that are tricked or have bondage with human trafficking. To conclude, human trafficking is the m odern day slavery. The factors that contribute to human trafficking are poverty, unemployment and economic stability (â€Å"Human trafficking†). These factors are what lead the Filipino population to believe that human trafficking will give them a better life.